Understanding End Point Colour Change in Titration (Water Testing)
In titrimetric analysis, the end point is the stage at which an indicator shows a visible colour change, signalling that the chemical reaction is complete. Correct identification of the end point is critical in water and wastewater testing because even a slight error in colour interpretation can lead to inaccurate analytical results. This article explains the concept of end point colour change and highlights common end points observed in routine water analysis.
What Is an End Point in Titration?
The end point is the point during titration at which the indicator changes colour permanently, indicating that the required amount of titrant has reacted with the analyte. Although the end point is close to the equivalence point, it is identified visually using indicators and therefore depends on proper observation and experience.
Correct recognition of the end point ensures:
- Accurate test results
- Good repeatability
- Compliance with standard methods
Importance of End Point Colour Change
In environmental laboratories, most routine analyses such as hardness, alkalinity, chloride, and calcium determination rely on visual indicators. Misjudging the end point colour may result in:
- Over‑titration or under‑titration
- Incorrect calculation of concentration
- Poor quality control results
Therefore, understanding the correct end point colour is essential for laboratory analysts.
Common End Point Colour Changes in Water Testing
1. Total Hardness
In total hardness determination using EDTA titration with Eriochrome Black T (EBT) indicator, the colour changes from wine red to clear blue. The appearance of a stable blue colour indicates that all calcium and magnesium ions have reacted with EDTA.
2. Calcium Hardness
For calcium hardness titration, the indicator commonly used produces a colour change from pink to purple or blue, depending on the method. The end point is confirmed when the colour change remains stable for at least 30 seconds.
3. Total Alkalinity
During alkalinity determination, two end points may be observed depending on the indicator:
- Phenolphthalein alkalinity: pink to colourless
- Total alkalinity: yellow to orange (with methyl orange or bromocresol green indicator)
Each colour change corresponds to neutralization of specific alkaline components in water.
4. Chloride
In chloride determination by argentometric method, the end point is observed as a colour change from yellow to reddish‑brown due to the formation of silver chromate after all chloride ions have precipitated.
5. Other Titrimetric Tests
Other routine titrations such as acidity, residual chlorine, and sulphide determination also rely on distinct end point colour changes defined by standard methods. Analysts must strictly follow method‑specified indicators and observation conditions.
Tips for Accurate End Point Detection
- Use freshly prepared indicators
- Perform titration under proper lighting conditions
- Swirl the flask continuously during titration
- Add titrant dropwise near the end point
- Confirm the colour change is permanent
Conclusion
Understanding and correctly identifying end point colour changes is a fundamental skill in water and wastewater testing laboratories. Proper training, practice, and adherence to standard methods help ensure accurate titrimetric analysis and reliable test results. Consistent observation of end point colours improves analytical precision and supports effective laboratory quality control.
Let's see how many of know the end point of colour change of four parameters of water testing.
- Total Hardness
- Calcium Hardness
- Total alkalinity
- Chloride
All four parameters end point colour change is given in below picture.
From left to right
Calcium Hardness
Chloride
Total Alkalinity
Total Hardness
Now you have to name the colour write in comment box my dear Environmentalists
