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TOC analyser principle


1. A Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analyzer measures the amount of carbon in organic compounds present in a sample. The principle behind a TOC analyzer is based on the combustion or oxidation of organic materials to convert carbon into carbon dioxide (CO2), which is then measured to determine the total amount of organic carbon in the sample.



There are two main methods for measuring TOC:


  1. Non-Combustion Method (Oxidation Method):

    • The sample is oxidized, usually using a strong oxidizing agent like persulfate or UV light, to convert organic carbon into CO2.
    • The resulting CO2 is then measured using a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) detector or another detection method to quantify the total organic carbon.

  2. Combustion Method:

    • The sample is heated to high temperatures (around 680–950°C), where organic carbon is combusted in the presence of oxygen to form CO2.
    • The CO2 produced is then measured using infrared spectroscopy or other appropriate detection techniques.

Both methods allow for precise measurement of the TOC by quantifying the amount of CO2 produced from the oxidation or combustion process, thus providing an indication of the organic carbon content in the sample.

This technique is widely used in environmental monitoring, water treatment, and industrial applications to assess pollution levels, water quality, and other factors related to organic contamination.

LOI (Loss on Ignition) and TOC (Total Organic Carbon) are both analytical techniques used to measure the organic content of a sample.

Relationship between LOI and TOC

LOI and TOC are related but not directly equivalent. LOI measures the weight loss of a sample when it is heated to a high temperature (typically 550°C), which represents the loss of volatile and organic compounds. TOC, on the other hand, measures the amount of carbon present in the organic compounds.

Conversion Factor

The conversion factor between LOI and TOC varies depending on the type of sample and the specific organic compounds present. However, a general conversion factor is:

TOC (mg/L) ≈ 0.5-0.6 x LOI (%)

TOC (Total Organic Carbon), BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) are three important parameters used to assess the organic content and pollution potential of wastewater or water samples. Here's a brief overview of each parameter and their relationships:



TOC (Total Organic Carbon)

1. _Definition_: TOC measures the total amount of organic carbon present in a water sample.

2. _Units_: mg/L or ppm (parts per million)

3. _Significance_: TOC is a direct measure of the organic content in water, which can affect the aquatic ecosystem and human health.


BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)

1. _Definition_: BOD measures the amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to break down organic matter in a water sample over a specific period (usually 5 days).

2. _Units_: mg/L or ppm

3. _Significance_: BOD indicates the potential for oxygen depletion in receiving waters, which can harm aquatic life.


COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)

1. _Definition_: COD measures the amount of oxygen required to oxidize organic matter in a water sample using a strong chemical oxidant.

2. _Units_: mg/L or ppm

3. _Significance_: COD provides a rapid estimate of the oxygen demand of organic matter in water.


Relationships between TOC, BOD, and COD

1. _TOC vs. BOD_: TOC is a more direct measure of organic content, while BOD measures the oxygen demand associated with that organic content. BOD is typically lower than TOC, as not all organic matter is biodegradable.

2. _TOC vs. COD_: TOC and COD are related, as COD measures the oxygen demand of organic matter, which is directly related to the organic carbon content. However, COD includes both biodegradable and non-biodegradable organic matter.

3. _BOD vs. COD_: BOD and COD are related, as both measure oxygen demand. However, BOD measures oxygen demand over a longer period (5 days) and includes only biodegradable organic matter, while COD measures oxygen demand rapidly (usually 2 hours) and includes both biodegradable and non-biodegradable organic matter.

In summary:

- TOC measures total organic carbon content

- BOD measures oxygen demand associated with biodegradable organic matter

- COD measures oxygen demand associated with both biodegradable and non-biodegradable organic matter

These parameters are interconnected and provide valuable insights into the organic content and pollution potential of wastewater or water samples


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